英语中最常见的逻辑关系有哪些

寄蝶 33 2025-10-11 09:32:32

托福阅读当中考查长难句的题型是句子简化题和句子插入题目,托福阅读考试一篇只有20分钟的时间。在这20分钟当中要完成14道题目,对于语法基础并不是很好的学生,会花费非常多的时间。对于这样的题目,如果学会迅速抓住句子之间内在的逻辑关系也是会非常快的做对题目,那下面我们就来总结一下,托福阅读当中常见的逻辑关系都有哪些?

1. 否定

明显: no, not, none, neither, never, deny

隐含: fail to, absence from, lack of, refuse to, little, few

否定前缀: a-, ab-, anti-, counter-, de-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mal-, mis-, non-, un-…

否定后缀: -less, free-, proof-

2. 并列

and/or, like, likewise, equally, the same as, same/similar to, in the same way

both…and…, neither…nor… as well as, not only…but also…/vice versa

3. 因果

明显:because, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so…that…, therefore, thus,

hence.

隐含:导致:in as much as, cause, lead to, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motive,

prompt, be responsible to

由于: derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate from

on account of, in view of, according to, rely on, depend on

4. 条件

明显: if, unless, as long as, in case that/of

隐含: suppose/supposing that, providing/provided that, on condition that,

except when=unless

5. 比较

明显: 比较级,最高级+than

隐含: 最高意义:maximum, favorite, outstanding, top

6. 转折

明显:but, yet, however, though, although, even if, even though, while, whereas,

nevertheless, despite, in spite of, instead, in contrast, contrast to

on the contrary, different from, differ from, conversely

隐含: for all;倒装+as;even+时间(even when)但不重要

超隐含: 时间,空间,事物对比

一、显形否定

常用否定词

no,not,never,none,nobody,nothing,nowhere,neither,

nor,neither...nor,but,without,unless,but for,but that,in the absence

of,regardless of, instead of,exclusive of,short of,rather than,anything

but,any more than,out of the question,would no more...than

由a-,dis-,il-,im-,ir-,un-,non-,anti-,mal-,under-等前缀及-less,-free,-proof等后缀合成的否定词

hardly,scarcely,barely,little,few,seldom等半否定词

avoid,ban,call

off,cancel,deny,deprive,exclude,escape,evade,forbid,free...from,free

from/of,fail,hate,ignore,lack,lose,miss,naught,neglect, prohibit,quit,

refuse,rid,rule out,stop以及above,against,beneath,beyond,far from,off,out

of,past和absent,bad,bare, empty, last, poor,vaccant等可用于表达否定概念的词。

1) 这类否定句要注意如下三个问题:

否定程度的强弱,说话者的态度以及否定句式表肯定概念

但有些否定词的位置不同,含义也不同。

这类词还有 advise,tell,ask,require,request,pretend 等。

3)部分否定(或不完全否定)

了上述c)类词以外,当

all,both,every,everything,everybody,everywhere,always,often,completely,

wholly,entirely,necessarily 与not 连用时,也表示部分否定:

另外,d)类词属多义词,必须多加小心,尤其是beyond等介词,要注意其搭配关系。

beyond:

~ expectation(出乎意料), ~ debate / controversy(无可争议,无疑的), ~

dispute(无可辩驳),~ description(无法描述),~ cure(不可救药),~ one誷 grasp or

conception(不可理解), ~ control (无法控制), ~ belief(难以置信),~ all

comparison(不能相提并论,不能相比)

out of: ~ sight(看不见),~ humour(不高兴),~ breath

(喘不过气来), ~ cash(没有钱),~ mind(不去想),~ bounds(不准进入), ~ date / style /

fashion(过时,不时髦),~ work(失业),~ danger(脱离危险)

beneath criticism(不值得批评);past repair(无法修补),past all belief(不可思议);off one誷 mind (不放在心上),off colour(精神不好,身体不舒服)

常用否定句型

1)too...to...,too...for...

2)stop (prevent,keep,hinder,protect,save,prohibit,dissuade...)...from...

3)利用虚拟语气表否定

4)用before引导的从句表“来不及……,不等,未……先……,以防”等否定含义

5)预先安排的事未办到或计划落空

6)用比较级句型表否定

7)其它含否定概念的句型

二、隐形否定

此类否定既无特定句型,又无否定词,其否定含义多为习惯用语或引申义,颇为费解,也最易出错,切不可望文“生译”

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